Chapter 11 From DNA to Protein Study Guide

DNA Structure

Be able to tell the difference between a deoxyribose and a ribose.

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Draw, in basic geometric shapes, a single strand of DNA.

What are the 4 nucleotides?  Which are purines? Pyrimidines?

What is the difference in organisms based on?

How are the two strands of DNA held together?

How many hydrogen bonds are formed between each of the two classes of nucleotides?

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

What is the shape of DNA?

Which bases base pair in DNA?  In RNA?

If you know the sequence of one strand of DNA, you know the seq. of the other.  This is because of.?

Be able to give the sequence of the complimentary strand of DNA if give a sequence of DNA.

Where is DNA located?

Who developed the model for the double helix?

Replication

What is the name of the process by which DNA is copied into DNA?

Why is this done?

What is the composition of daughter DNA?

Describe the process by which replication occurs, including enzymes.

RNA

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?

What are the four bases in RNA and how do they base pair?

What are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?

Transcription

What is transcription?

Where does transcription occur?

What proteins are involved in transcription?

Be able to transcribe DNA, given the coding or noncoding strand.

Translation

If there are only 4 nucleotides, how are amino acids coded?

What does degenerate genetic code mean?

Draw a basic structure of tRNA.

How is mRNA translated into protein?

Where does translation occur?

Explain or draw the entire process of translation.

Be able to translate RNA into protein, given an RNA sequence.

Protein Structure

What kind of bond is between amino acids in a protein?

Define primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure and be able to define visually.

Genetic Changes

Define mutation.

What is the result of a mutation in your germ line? Somatic cells?

What are the three types of mutations?  Be able to identify examples of each.

Why are frameshift mutations worse than point mutations?

What are the four chromosomal mutations? Give visual examples of each.

Define nondisjunction.  What condition do we usually associate with nondisjunction?

What are the causes of mutation?

How do your cells combat mutations?